Use of barley in being and folk medicine in mountain regions of eastern and southern Georgia. Berley, Hordeum vulgare L. is one of the oldest cultivated plants in Georgia. Many varieties have been distributed in different regions of Georgia. Nowadays, only small part of them remained cultivated on small grounds mainly in high-mountain regions, Khevsureti, Tusheti and Meskhet-Javakheti. In our opinion, this, on one hand, is determined by better adaptation of barley to severe environmental conditions of high-mountain regions, when compare with wheat. And, second, it is used in many traditional rituals by local population. Barley is used as forage and for food as bread and for production of beer. It is used, as well, in traditional folk medicine. Necessary steps have to be undertaken to collect aboriginal varieties and forms of barley and ensure their conservation.