Diversity and conservation of Georgian orchids

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saqarTvelos bunebis mkvlevarTa kavSiri „orqisi”, programis „ekologia da ekonomika
harmoniaSi” Sesabamisad BP-s finansuri mxardaWeriT cdilobs saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli orqideebis dacvas da konservacias. orqideebi ulamazesi da idumalebiT
moculi mcenareebia. saqarTveloSi bunebrivad gavrcelebuli orqideebis TiTqmis
yvela saxeoba ganicdis Zlier anTropogenur zemoqmedebas, rac maTi gadaSenebis
safrTxes qmnis. es wigni aRwers orqideebis zogad biologias, maT mravalferovnebas
da gavrcelebis xasiaTs saqarTveloSi. saxeobaTa sruli nusxa warmoadgens am
ojaxis reviziis Sedegs, romelic efuZneba rogorc literaturul da saherbariumo,
ise axal monacemebs. SemuSavebulia orqideebis saxeobaTa gavrcelebis ruka 50x50
km2 UTM–badeze, romelic aCvenebs orqideebis gavrcelebis cxel wertilebs. pirvelad
aris Sefasebuli iSviaTi saxeobebis statusi IUCN– is kategoriebis Sesabamisad da
gansazRvrulia qveynis pasuxismgebloba. saTanado mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli
saqarTveloSi orqideebis saxeobaTa dacvis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb.
Georgian Society of Nature Explorers “Orchids” in the framework of the “Ecology and
Economy in Harmony” program under BPs financial support intends to undertake efforts for
protection and conservation of native orchids in Georgia.Orchids are enormously beautiful
and sophisticated plants. Almost all native orchid species distributed in Georgia are threatened
due to extreme anthropogenic impacts. This book describes general biology of orchids, their
diversity and distributional pattern in Georgia. The complete list of species is revised on the
base of literature data, herbarium specimens and new findings. The distribution map of orchid
species showing hot spots of orchid distribution on 50x50 km2UTM grids has been elaborated.
The first attempt was made to give the status of rare species according to Criteria by IUCN and
country responsibilities are determined. Special suggestions are made on conservation needs
of orchid species in Georgia.
avtorebi:
m. am. a
m. am. a
m. axalkaci, z. kunkele, r. lorenci,
xalkaci, z. kunkele, r. lorenci,
xalkaci, z. kunkele, r. lorenci,xalkaci, z. kunkele, r. lorenci,
xalkaci, z. kunkele, r. lorenci,
m. mom. mo
m. mo m. mo
m. mosuliSvili, m. qimeriZe.
suliSvili, m. qimeriZe.
suliSvili, m. qimeriZe.suliSvili, m. qimeriZe.
suliSvili, m. qimeriZe.
redaqtori: m. gvritiSvili.
m. gvritiSvili.
m. gvritiSvili.m. gvritiSvili.
m. gvritiSvili.
teqnikuri redaqtori da dizaini: o. abdalaZe.
recenzenti: h. baumani.
h. baumani.
h. baumani.h. baumani.
h. baumani.
fotoebis avtori: r. lorenci.
r. lorenci.
r. lorenci. r. lorenci.
r. lorenci.
inglisuri Targmani: m. a
m. a
m. am. a
m. axalkaci.
xalkaci.
xalkaci.xalkaci.
xalkaci.
inglisuri koreqtura: l. dugla
l. dugla
l. dugla l. dugla
l. duglas-hamiltoni.
foto garekanze: Ophrys sphegodes subsp. caucasica
o. abdalaZe.
o. abdalaZe. o. abdalaZe.
o. abdalaZe.
s-hamiltoni.
s-hamiltoni.s-hamiltoni.
s-hamiltoni.
Authors: M. Akhalkatsi, M. Kimeridze, S. Künkele, R. Lorenz, M. Mosulishvili.
Editor: M. Gvritishvili.
Technical editor and design: O. Abdaladze.
Referee: H. Baumann.
Photos: R. Lorenz.
English translation: M. Akhalkatsi.
English correction: L. Douglas-Hamilton.
Cover photography: Ophrys sphegodes subsp. caucasica

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SinaarsiSinaarsi
SinaarsiSinaarsi
Sinaarsi
SesavaliSesavali
SesavaliSesavali
Sesavali ..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................2
1. mravalferovneba1. mravalferovneba
1. mravalferovneba ...................................................................
...................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................6
1. mravalferovneba1. mravalferovneba
1.1. sa1.1. sa
1.1. sa1.1. sa
1.1. saxeobaTa nu
xeobaTa nu
xeobaTa nu xeobaTa nu
xeobaTa nus s s s sxa
1.2. habitatebi1.2. habitatebi
1.2. habitatebi1.2. habitatebi
1.2. habitatebi.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................. 12
1.3. gavrceleba1.3. gavrceleba
1.3. gavrceleba1.3. gavrceleba
1.3. gavrceleba ................................................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
................................................................................................ 15
1.4. iSviaTi sa 1.4. iSviaTi sa
1.4. iSviaTi sa 1.4. iSviaTi sa
1.4. iSviaTi saxeobebi
xeobebi
xeobebixeobebi
xeobebi..................................................................................
..................................................................................
.................................................................................. ..................................................................................
..................................................................................25
2. safrTxe2. safrTxe
2. safrTxe2. safrTxe
2. safrTxe ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................ ........................................................................................
........................................................................................28
xa
xa xa
xa .........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................6
3. konservacia3. konservacia
3. konservacia3. konservacia
3. konservacia ..............................................................................
..............................................................................
.............................................................................. ..............................................................................
.............................................................................. 30
3.1. kanonmdebloba3.1. kanonmdebloba
3.1. kanonmdebloba3.1. kanonmdebloba
3.1. kanonmdebloba.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................... 31
3.2. daculi teritoriebi3.2. daculi teritoriebi
3.2. daculi teritoriebi3.2. daculi teritoriebi
3.2. daculi teritoriebi ........................................................................
........................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................33
3.3. coc 3.3. coc
3.3. coc3.3. coc
3.3. cocxali da Te
xali da Te
xali da Texali da Te
xali da Tesli
sli
slisli
slis koleqciebi
s koleqciebi
s koleqciebis koleqciebi
s koleqciebi .................................................
4. daskvna4. daskvna
4. daskvna4. daskvna
4. daskvna ...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................37
literaturaliteratura
literaturaliteratura
literatura ..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................... 38
.................................................
..................................................................................................
.................................................34
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................2
1. DIVERSITY ..................................................................................6
1.1. Species list.......................................................................................... 6
1.2. habitats.............................................................................................. 12
1.3. Distribution ...................................................................................... 15
1.4. Species rarity ................................................................................... 25
2. THREATS.................................................................................... 28
3. CONSERVATION....................................................................... 30
3.1. Legislation........................................................................................ 31
3.2. Protected territories....................................................................... 33
3.3. Living and seed collections........................................................... 34
5. CONCLUSIONS......................................................................... 37
References....................................................................................... 38

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INTRODUCTION
Orchids are enormously beautiful
and sophisticated plants.
Family Orchidaceae is one on the
largest and most diverse plant family.
There are up to 725 orchid genera and
about 20 000 25 000 species
(Dressler, 1990). Among them, 25%
of all orchid species are terrestrial
(grow in the soil), 70% are epiphytic
(grow on trees), the other 5 % grow
on different substrates (Arditti, 1992).
Some orchids, such as Rhizanthella
gardneri, spend their entire life
underground, even flowering
proceeds in the soil and only apices
of inflorescence bracts show
aboveground (George, 1980).
The Orchidaceae is a cosmopolitan
family found almost in all climatic
zones. They occur very near the limit
of vegetation from arctic to the most
extreme desert environments.
Epiphytes are limited to tropical and
subtropical environments, while
terrestrial orchids occur in all climatic
zones. In temperate zone, where
Georgia is located, all orchid species
are terrestrial. Mostly, these are
geophytes with ephemeroidal life
cycle. After
aboveground parts of the plant die off
and only subterranean rhizomes and
tubers continue living activity. Most
Georgian orchids are autotrophic,
however, four species - Corallorhiza
trifida (Fig. 1.1), Epipogium aphyllum
(Fig. 1.2), Limodorum abortivum and
Neottia nidus-avis (Fig. 1.3, 1.4), are
flowering, the
SesavaliSesavali
SesavaliSesavali
Sesavali
orqideebi (jadvarisebrTa ojaxi
/Orchidaceae) ulamazesi da
idumalebiT moculi mcenareebia.
jadvarisebrTa ojaxi erT-erTi
yvelaze didi da mravalferovania
mcenareTa samefoSi: moicavs 725
gvarsa da 20 000 – 25 000 saxeobas
(Dressler, 1990). maT Soris, 25%
terestriuli (niadagze mozardi)
saxeobebia, 70% - epifituri (xeebze
mozardi), danarCeni 5% ki izrdeba
sxvadasxva substratze (Arditti, 1992).
zogierTi orqidea, kerZod
Rhizanthella gardneri,
sicocxles atarebs miwis qveS,
yvavilobac ki niadagis siRrmeSi
mimdinareobs
Tanayvavilebis wveri mosCans miwidan
(George, 1980).
orqideebi kosmopoliti mcenareebia
_ gvxvdebian TiTqmis yvela klimatur
zonaSi, maT Soris, arqtikasa da
udabnoSi, mcenareuli safaris
gavrcelebis ukidures sazRvrebTan.
epifituri orqideebi, ZiriTadad,
tropikul da subtropikul
sartyelSi izrdebian, xolo
terestriulebi _ yvela klimatur
zonaSi. zomieri klimatis qveynebSi,
maT Soris, saqarTveloSi, orqideebis
yvela saxeoba terestriulia. maTi
umravlesoba geofitia, efemeroiduli
sasicocxlo cikliT. yvavilobis
Semdeg mcenaris miwiszeda nawilebi
kvdeba da sasicocxlo procesebi
mxolod miwisqveS darCenil fesurebsa
da tuberebSi grZeldeba. saqarTvelos
orqideebis umravlesoba avto-
trofulia, Tumca oTxi saxeoba -
Corallorhiza trifida (sur. 1.1),
mTel
da mxolod

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Epipogium aphyllum (sur. 1.2),
Limodorum abortivum da Neottia nidus-
avis (sur. 1.3, 1.4) moklebulia
qlorofils da saprofitebs
warmoadgenen.
jadvarisebrTa ojaxi imyofeba
aqtiuri evoluciis procesSi, rac
ganapirobebs mis Zlier polimorfizms.
sruliad divergentuli saxeobebis
gverdiT gvxvdeba qvesaxeobebi, formebi
da didi raodenobiT saxeobaTaSorisi
da gvarTaSorisi hibridebi (Dressler,
1990). orqideebis didi mraval-
ferovneba, erTis
ganpirobebulia evoluciis procesSi
gansxvavebuli ekologiuri niSebis
konkretul garemo pirobebTan
SeguebiT, rac axlac grZeldeba,
xolo meores mxriv, mwerebis mizidvis
mizniT gamomuSavebuli mraval-
ferovani specializirebuli
meqanizmebiT, rac uzrunvelyofs
jvaredin damtvervas.
orqideebis yvavili damamtveri-
aneblis mizidvis
instrumentia. sxva erTlebniani
mcenareebis msgavsad, orqideebis
yvavili samwevriania. yvavilsafaris
gare Sre Sedgeba sami jamis
foTolakisagan, romlebic qmnian jams
(sur. 1.5). Sida Sre – gvirgvini,
Sedgeba sami gvirgvinis furclisagan.
ori maTgani waagavs erTmaneTs da
xSir SemTxvevaSi ar gansxvavdeba
jamis foTolakebisagan. mesame ki,
Cveulebriv, saxeSecvlilia da tuCi
ewodeba (sur. 1.5, 1.6). tuCis forma,
surneli da geometria mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs damamtverianebeli
mweris mizidvaSi. neqtari, romelic
Cveulebriv moTavsebulia saneqtreSi
anu dezSi (sur. 1.6) tuCis ukana
mxriv,
mTavari
achlorophyllous saprophytic plants.
Orchid family display high
polymorphism as it is in a state of
active evolution. Apart of clearly
divergent species
subspecies, varieties and a lot of
interspecific and even intergeneric
hybrids, which makes their
classification very difficult (Dressler,
1990). This high diversity of orchids
is related, on the one hand, to the
different growth conditions of
concrete ecological niches occupied
by orchid species currently and in the
historical time, and, on the other hand,
to the highly specialized adaptations
for attracting and manipulating insects
to achieve cross-pollination.
The flower is orchids main
instrument to attract pollinator. As it
is typical for Monocotyledonous
plants, the floral segments in orchids
occur in groups of three. The
outermost whorl, forming calyx,
consists of three sepals (Fig. 1.5).
The second whorl corolla consists
of three petals. Two of them are
identical to each other and resemble
sepals. The third petal is usually
modified and is called labellum (Fig.
1.5, 1.6). Labella may have many
forms, colours, fragrances and
geometry playing important roles in
the attraction of pollinators. Nectar,
which is usually located in the nectary
or spur at the back of the labellum
(Fig. 1.6), is an additional attractant
of the orchid flower. The orchid
flowers most fascinating simulation,
however, is that of sexual patterns of
there are

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mxares, warmoadgens orqideebis
yvavilis mier mweris mizidvis
damatebiT saSualebas. gasaocaria
futkris dedis (Ophrys) yvavilis
agebuleba, romelic mweris mizidvis
mizniT imeorebs mis formas. am gvaris
warmomadgenlebSi (sur. 2.1) tuCs
gaaCnia konkretuli damamtverianebeli
saxeobis mdedri mweris forma, feri,
teqstura da rac yvelaze
sainteresoa, maTi feromonebis msgavsi
molekuluri struqturis mqone
surnelis ganmapirobebeli qimiuri
naerTebi. mimikriis am formas
SecdomaSi Sehyavs mamri mweri,
romelic jdeba yvavilze da
fsevdokopulaciis dros iwebebs
mtvrianebis modificirebul
struqturas _ polinariums, romelic
tuCis zeda nawilSia moTavsebuli
da gadaaqvs sxva yvavilze, am gziT
xdeba jvaredini damtverva
(Kullenberg, 1961; Paulus, Gack, 1981).
orqideebis nayofia kolofi,
romelic aTasobiT miniaturul Tesls
Seicavs. mwife Tesli Zalze
gamartivebuli struqturisaa da
Sedgeba patara, aradiferencirebuli
Canasaxisa da Teslis garsisgan. mas
ar gaaCnia endospermi. sakvebi
nivTierebebi moTavsebulia embrionis
ujredebSi. orqideebis Tesli ver
iTvisebs sakveb marags da, Sesabamisad,
ar Rivdeba. gaRivebisTvis aucile-
belia Teslis qsovilis inficireba
mikorizuli sokoTi, romelic xels
uwyobs e. w. simbiozur gaRivebas.
Teslis qsovilSi SeWris Semdeg sokos
hifebi izrdeba, itoteba da
anastomozur sistemas anu pelotons
warmoqmnis. zrdasrul orqideebs
Cveulebriv gaaCniaT mikoriza. Tumca,
Ophrys (Fig. 2.1). Labellum in this
genus mimics the form, colour,
texture and even similar molecular
structure of pheromones of female
wasps of that concrete species, which
represents species-specific pollinator.
The male wasps are deceived by these
features, land on the labellum and
once perform pseudocopulation they
pick up the pollinaria (modified
anthers) from one flower to the
stigma of another one to accomplish
cross-pollination in such a manner
(Kullenberg, 1961; Paulus, Gack,
1981).
Orchid fruit is a capsule containing
thousands of tiny seeds. The mature
seed possesses very simplified
structure consisting of a small,
undifferentiated embryo and seed
coat, lacking in endosperm. Food
reserves are located in the embryo
cells. However, the orchid seed itself
cannot utilize these reserves and is
unable to start germination in the
absence of fungal infection.
Symbiotic germination can only begin
after the penetration of mycorrhizal
fungi into the seed tissues and a
further establishment of a ramified
anatomised system of hypha, called
peloton. As adults, terrestrial orchids
usually possess mycorrhizas.
However, some of them may be lightly
infected or fungus free.
The fact that orchids show
complex relations with other
organisms, such as fungi and insects,
makes these species more sensitive
to the disturbances of concrete

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zogierTi maTgani sustadaa sokosTan
asocirebuli, anda Tavisufalia misgan.
is faqti, rom orqideebi
kompleqsur urTierTdamokide-
bulebaSi arian sxva organizmebTan,
rogoricaa mikorizuli sokoebi da
mwerebi, ganapirobebs orqideebis
maRal mgrZnobelobas konkretuli
habitatis mimarT. amitom habitatis
dazianebas, rac anTropogenuri
zemoqmedebis Sedegad sul ufro mZime
formebs Rebulobs, ara mxolod
uSualo uaryofiTi gavlena aqvs am
mcenareebze, aramed sxva komponentebis
gaqrobis SemTxvevaSic ki iwvevs maT
gadaSenebas. amrigad, aucilebelad
migvaCnia konkretuli RonisZiebebis
gatareba saqarTveloSi orqideebisa
da maTi habitatebis konservaciisaTvis.
habitats with its concrete inhabitants.
Therefore, orchids react very sensibly
to deterioration of their natural
habitats, which with an increase of
anthropogenic pressure on nature,
diminishes the number of individuals
within populations and threatens the
species survival itself. This is why it
is so necessary to undertake steps for
conservation of orchid species and
their habitats in Georgia.
??
??

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1. mravalferovneba1. mravalferovneba
1. mravalferovneba 1. mravalferovneba
1. mravalferovneba
1.1. 1.1.
1.1.1.1.
1.1. sa
sa
sa sa
saxeobaTa nu
xeobaTa nu
xeobaTa nuxeobaTa nu
xeobaTa nus s s s sxa
xa
xaxa
xa
saqarTveloSi amJamad dadas-
turebulia orqideebis 20 gvarisa
da 51 saxeobis arseboba. maT Soris,
2 saxeoba warmodgenilia 2-2
qvesaxeobiT (cxrili 1).
veluri orqideebis botanikur
kvlevas saqarTveloSi safuZveli
Cauyara f. a. marSal fon biberStainis
cnobilma naSromma (Marschall von
Bieberstein,1808), romelic jer kidev
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi gamoqveynda.
Semdgom mravalma qarTvelma Tu
ucxoelma botanikosma Seitana
wvlili orqideebis kvlevaSi.
saqarTvelos orqideebis saherbariumo
nimuSebis yvelaze didi koleqciebi,
romlebic Segrovilia XIX-XX
saukuneebSi, inaxeba: saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis botanikis
institutSi (TBI), saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo muzeumSi (TGM), ruseTis
mecnierebaTa akademiis botanikis
institutSi (LE); ramdenadme
mniSvnelovani koleqcia daculia
dasavleT evropis herbariumebSic, mag.,
helsinkSi (HK) da miunxenSi (BSM).
sainteresoa, rom evropis bevri
orqidea sxvadasxva avtoris mier
pirvelad kavkasiaSi (saqarTvelo,
azerbaijani) aRiwera. es saxeobebia:
Cephalanthera
Dactylorhiza euxina (sur. 2.2., 2.3),
D. incarnata subsp. baumgartneriana,
D. iberica; D. romana subsp. georgica
(sur. 2.4., 2.5), D. urvilleana (sur.
3.1, 3.2), Himantoglossum formosum,
Ophrys oestrifera subsp. bremifera,
Ophrys spegodes subsp. caucasica (sur.
caucasica,
1. DIVERSITY
1.1. Species list
At present, existence of 20 genera
and 51 species is confirmed for
Georgia (Tab. 1). Among them, two
species are represented by two
subspecies each.
The botanical investigation of
Georgian wild orchids is originated in
the famous paper by F. A. Marschall
von Bieberstein (1808) published early
in the XIX century. Afterwards, many
Georgian and foreign botanists have
studied the chorology, the taxonomy
and the systematics of indigenous
orchid species. The biggest
collections of herbar specimens of
Georgian orchids collected during
XIX and XX centuries are kept in the
Institute of Botany, Georgian
Academy of Sciences (TBI);
Georgian State Museum (TGM); the
Botanical Institute, Russian Academy
of Sciences (LE); some significant
material is deposited in several
Western European Herbaria e.g.
Helsinki (HK) and Munich (BSM). It
is of interest that many European
orchids were first found and
described by different authors in
Caucasus (Georgia, Azerbaijan).
These species are - Cephalanthera
caucasica, Dactylorhiza euxina (Fig.
2.2, 2.3), D. incarnata subsp.
baumgartneriana, D. iberica; D.
romana subsp. georgica (Fig. 2.4,
2.5), D. urvilleana (Fig. 3.1, 3.2),
Himantoglossum formosum, Ophrys

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c c c c cxrili 1.
xrili 1.
xrili 1.
xrili 1.
xrili 1. orqideebis taqsonebi saqarTveloSi. sixSire gamoTvlilia rogorc 10x10 km2 UTM-badis kvadratebis
ricxvi, romlebSic izrdeba orqideas populaciebi; vertikaluri gavrceleba (minim./maqsim. simaRle zRvis donidan)
efuZneba konkretul aRwerebs; gadaSenebis safrTxis sididis kategoriebi gansazRvrulia IUCN-is mixedviT (2001),
rogorc: gadaSenebis kritikul safrTxeSi myofi (CR); gadaSenebis safrTxeSi myofi (EN); mowyvladi (VU); gadaSenebis
safrTxesTan axlos myofi (NT), naklebad dazaralebuli (LC),monacemTa deficiti (DD).saqarTvelos pasuxismgebloba
TiToeuli taqsonis globaluri maStabiT SenarCunebis uzrunvelsayofad gansazRvrulia, rogorc vh - Zalian maRali;
h - maRali; m - saSualo; l dabali.
Table 1. Orchid Taxa of Georgia. Frequency is calculated as number of 10x10 km² UTM-grid squares containing orchid
populations; Vertical distribution (Minima/Maxima a.s.l.) is based on concrete findings; Categories of threat are defined
according to IUCN (2001): CR - critically endangered; EN endangered; VU vulnerable; NT - near threatened, LC - leastconcern, DD data deficit) and responsibility of Georgia to assure worldwide survival of the single taxa. The definitionsare as follows: vh - very high; h - high; m - medium. l - low.

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3.3, 3.4), Orchis aserica, Orchis
militaris subsp. stevenii (sur. 3.5), O.
purpurea subsp. caucasica (sur. 3.6,
4.1, 4.2), Platanthera bifolia subsp.
atropatana, Steveniella satyrioides
(sur. 4.3, 4.4), Traunsteinera
sphaerica (sur. 4.5, 4.6). kavkasiis
orqideebis taqsonomia da sistematika
aRwerilia rig monografiebSi
(Steven, 1813; Липский, 1899;
Woronow, 1909; Невский, 1935;
Гроссгейм, 1940; Soó, 1969;
Аверьянов, 1994; Baumann et al., 2003,
da sxv.). a. groshaimma moaxdina
kavkasiis orqideebis sakmaod
detaluri darukeba (Гроссгейм,
1940). warsulSi, saqarTveloSi am
ojaxis safuZvliani kvleva ar
Catarebula. yvelaze mniSvnelovani
informacia jadvarisebrTa ojaxis
Sesaxeb mocemulia saqarTvelos
floraSi (sosnovski, kemularia-naTaZe,
1941), sadac moyvanilia 19 gvari da
44 saxeoba da saqarTvelos mcenareebis
sarkvevSi (kemularia-naTaZe, 1969),
sadac aRwerilia 19 gvari da 45 saxeoba.
1996-2003 wlebSi germanelma
orqidologebma – r. lorencma da z.
kunkelem (AHO-baden-vurtembergi,
germania), saqarTvelos bunebis
mkvlevarTa kavSiri (sbmk) „orqisis”
monawileobiT ganaxorcieles
saqarTveloSi jadvarisebrTa ojaxis
revizia. es gamokvlevebi efuZneba
rogorc saherbariumo masalebs, (TBI,
TGM, BSM, HK), aseve saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva regionSi mowyobili
eqspediciebis Sedegad Segrovil axal
informacias. kvlevis Sedegebi
mocemulia 1-l cxrilSi. Zveli
nusxebidan ucvleli darCa 23 saxeoba.
19 saxeobis saxelwodeba moyvanilia
oestrifera subsp. bremifera, Ophrys
spegodes subsp. caucasica (Fig. 3.3,
3.4), Orchis aserica, Orchis militaris
subsp. stevenii (Fig. 3.5), O.
purpurea subsp. caucasica (Fig. 3.6,
4.1, 4.2), Platanthera bifolia subsp.
atropatana, Steveniella satyrioides
(Fig. 4.3, 4.4), Traunsteinera
sphaerica (Fig. 4.5, 4.6). Several
monographs describe taxonomy and
systematic status of the Caucasian
orchids (Steven, 1813; Lipsky, 1899;
Woronow, 1909; Nevski, 1935;
Grossheim, 1940; Soó, 1969;
Averyanov, 1994; Baumann et al.
2003, etc.). Detailed mapping of
Caucasian flora including orchid
species was performed by A.
Grossheim (1940). No special work
has been devoted to a comprehensive
study of this family within Georgia in
the past. The most precise information
on the orchid family is presented in
Flora of Georgia (Sosnovski,
Kemularia-Natadze, 1941) listing 19
genera and 44 species, and in Key of
Georgian Vegetation (Kemularia-
Natadze, 1969) describing 19 genera
and 45 species.
During 1996-2003, orchidolo-
gists S. Künkele and R. Lorenz
(AHO Baden-Württemberg,
Germany) in collaboration with
Georgian Society of Nature
Explorers (GSNE)
performed a revision of the family
of Orchidaceae in Georgia on the
base of herbar specimens (TBI,
TGM, BSM, HK) and the new
findings made during field trips in
“Orchis”

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11
orqideebis Tanamedrove nomenklaturis
Sesabamisad. arsebul nusxas daemata
sami gansakuTrebiT iSviaTi saxeoba,
romelTa nimuSebi inaxeba herbariumSi
(TBI), magram ar iyo Setanili
jadvarisebrTa ojaxis warmomad-
genelTa nusxaSi arc saqarTvelos
floraSi da arc saqarTvelos
mcenareebis sarkvevSi:Cephalanthera
caucasica (erTi nimuSi, 1932),
Dactylorhiza sambucina (ori nimuSi,
1913, 1924) daOrchis punctulata (erTi
nimuSi, 1941), am ukanaskneli saxeobis
arseboba dadasturda savele
eqspediciis drosac (sur. 5.1, 5.2).
amasTanave, aRmoCnda, rom herbariumSi
(TBI) Epipactis
saxelwodebiT warmodgenili masala,
sinamdvileSi Seicavs am gvaris Semdeg
oTx saxeobas: E. leptochila subsp.
leptochila (sur. 5.3, 5.4), E.
microphylla, E. persica (sur. 1.5) da
E. rechingeri (sur. 5.5, 5.6). maTi
arseboba dadasturda savele
eqspediciis drosac. De novo iqna
napovni saqarTvelosTvis axali oTxi
saxeoba Epipactis condensata, E.
leptochila subsp. neglecta, Ophrys
mammosa subsp.
Spiranthes amoena.
saqarTvelosTvis ar dadasturda
Zvel nusxebSi moyvanili 5 saxeobis
(Orchis laxiflora, O. militaris subsp.
militaris, O. provincialis, O. purpurea
subsp. purpurea, Traunsteinera
globosa) arseboba, amitom isini
amoRebul iqnen amJamindeli nusxidan.
Tumca, sxvadasxva avtori
(Гроссгейм, 1940; sosnovski,
kemularia-naTaZe, 1941; kemularia-
naTaZe, 1969; Колаковский, 1986;
Аверьянов, 1994) ixseniebs maT
helleborine-s
cyclocheila,
different regions of Georgia. The
results of this revision are shown
on Tab.1. The occurrence of only
23 species from the older lists is
confirmed without any changes. 19
species were
accordance to the modern orchid
nomenclature. Three extremely rare
species, stored in the herbarium
(TBI), however had not been
previously included in the species
list of family Orchidaceae - neither
in Flora of Georgia, or in the Key
of Georgian
Cephalanthera caucasica (one
specimen, 1932), Dactylorhiza
sambucina (two specimens, 1913,
1924) and Orchis punctulata (one
specimen, 1941) - were included in
this new list. The latter was
rediscovered during field trips (Fig.
5.1, 5.2). Four Epipactis taxa kept
in TBI sub E. helleborine, identified
as E. leptochila subsp. leptochila
(Fig. 5.3, 5.4), E. microphylla, E.
persica and E. rechingeri (Fig. 5.5,
5.6) have been also confirmed in the
field. Four new species have been
found de novo in Georgia. These
are: Epipactis condensata, E.
leptochila subsp. neglecta, Ophrys
mammosa subsp. cyclocheila,
Spiranthes amoena.
Five species mentioned in the
earlier lists were excluded as non-
existent in Georgia. No localities on the
territory of Georgia are shown for the
following five species Orchis laxiflora,
O. militaris subsp. militaris, O.
provincialis, O. purpurea subsp.
renamed in
Vegetation -

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saqarTvelosaTvis an zogadad,
kavkasiisaTvis, magram arc erTi maTgani
ar uTiTebs zust adgilmdebareobas.
arc saherbariumo masaliTa da arc
eqspediciis Sedegad mopovebuli
informaciiT ar dadasturda
saqarTveloSi am saxeobebis arseboba.
dRemde saSualeba ara gvaqvs
gadavamowmoT monacemebi Epipactis
atrorubens-is afxazeTSi arsebobis
Sesaxeb (Sommier, Levier, 1900;
Колаковский, 1986).
1.2.1.2.
1.2.1.2.
1.2. habitatebi
habitatebi
habitatebi habitatebi
habitatebi
saqarTvelos 69 494 km2 ukavia
da moicavs
landSaftebis did mravalferovnebas,
romlebic am mcire teritoriaze
erTmaneTis gverdiT gvxvdeba da Savi
zRvidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT
varirebs subtropikuli tyeebidan
naxevradudabnoebamde, rac gamowveu-
lia geologiuri, geomorfologiuri,
hidrologiuri, klimaturi da
niadaguri pirobebis nairgvarobiT.
dasavleTi nawilis – kolxeTisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia subtropikuli
klimati, Tbili zamTriT. misgan
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba aRmosavleT da
samxreT saqarTvelo TiTqmis
kontinenturi klimatiT. am mcire
teritoriaze warmodgenilia
sxvadasxvagvari mcenareuloba,
rogoricaa dasavleT saqarTvelos
SavizRvispira (kolxeTis) dablobis
Waobis mcenareuloba, tyeebi da
TiTqmis subtropikuli daburuli
tyeebi; maRalmTis mkacri klimatis
tyis zeda sazRvris da alpuri
ekosistemebi (aRmosavleT da
dasavleT saqarTvelo); samxreT
kontrastuli
purpurea, Traunsteinera globosa.
Although different
(Grossheim, 1940; Sosnovski,
Kemularia-Natadze, 1941; Kemularia-
Natadze, 1969; Averyanov, 1994)
mention them either in respect to
Georgia or Caucasus in general.
However, they did not mention
concrete localities. During the revision
works neither herbar specimens or
field trips findings confirmed
occurrence of these species in the
territory of Georgia. So far, we are
unable to confirm occurrence of
Epipactis atrorubens in the territory
of Abkhazia (Sommier, Levier, 1900;
Kolakovski, 1986).
authors
1.2. Habitats
Georgia covers an area of 69 494
km2. It presents a great variety of widely
contrasting landscapes due to geological,
geomorphological, hydrological, climate
and soil conditions and frequently
alternating and ranging from subtropical
forests to dry desert-steppes from the
Black Sea to the east. The western region
- Kolkhis has a subtropical climate, with
a warm winter. In sharp contrast to
this region is eastern and southern
Georgia with a nearly continental
climate. The vegetation in Kolkhis is
represented by wetlands, forests and
even dense subtropical forests; in high
mountains (western and eastern
Georgia) tree line ecotone and alpine
meadows followed by the nival
ecotone are representative; southern
Georgia is covered by secondary

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13
saqarTvelos mTis meoradi warmoSobis
stepebi, romlebsac ukaviaT warsulSi
pirveladi tyeebiT dafaruli
farTobebi; agreTve, aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli
ariduli mcenareuloba, romelic
warmodgenilia naxevradudabnoebiT
(sadac alag-alag Cawinwklulia
udabnos laqebi), stepebiT, mSrali
xevebis mcenareulobiT, hemiqsero-
fituri buCqnarebiT, mTiswineTis
udabnoebiT da mSrali naTeli tyeebiT
(Сахокиа, 1960; Долуханов, 1966;
1989; Nakhutsrishvili, 1999).
orqideebis zogierTi saxeoba
Seguebulia biotopis mravalgvar
tipTan, rogoricaa maRalmTis
mdeloebi, mSrali naTeli tyeebi,
buCqnarebi, Waobebi, sxvadasxva tipis
tyeebi. Tumca, bevri saxeoba
adaptirebulia habitatebis ufro
viwro speqtrTan da upiratesobas
aniWebs konkretul biotops.
orqideebi izrdebian Semdeg ZiriTad
habitatebSi:
•
tyeebi. tyeebi.
tyeebi. tyeebi.
tyeebi. tyeebi faraven
saqarTvelos mTliani teritoriis
32-35%-s (qvaCakiZe, 2001).
saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze
gvxvdeba Walisa da daWaobebuli
tyeebi. mTis tyeebSi gamoyofen
mTis qveda, Sua da zeda sartylis
tyeebs. mTis qveda da Sua
sartyelSi gvxvdeba muxnarebi,
wiflnarebi (Fagus orientalis),
wiflnar-wablnarebi, romlebic
ufro maRal simaRleebze
Canacvlebulia kavkasiuri soWis
(Abies nordmanniana)
aRmosavluri naZvis (Picea
orientalis) tyeebiT. sxvadasxva
regionSi, tyis zeda sazRvris
da
mountain steppes occupied area of
primary forests growing in this area
in the past; arid and semi-arid
vegetation is widely spread in the
eastern Georgia. Most typical of these
include semi-deserts (with desert
spots), steppes, vegetation of dry
canyons, hemixerophytic shrublands,
foothill deserts, and dry open
woodlands (Sakhokia, 1960;
Dolukhanov,
Nakhutsrishvili, 1999).
Some orchid species are adapted
to a great variety of biotopes such
as shrubbery or wetlands, alpine
meadows or open woodlands or
even forests. Most orchid species,
however, are restricted to a more
or less narrow spectrum of habitats
and prefer concrete biotopes. Main
habitats where orchids can be
found are:
• Forests. Forests occupy 32-35%
of the territory of Georgia
(Kvachakidze, 2001).The riparian
and marsh forests occur in all
regions of Georgia. Mountain
forests are represented by lower,
middle and upper belts. Oak, beech
(Fagus orientalis) and beech-
chestnut forests grow in the lower
and middle belts changing higher
in the mountains into the
Caucasian
nordmanniana) and Oriental
spruce (Picea orientalis) forests.
Pinus kochiana, Acer trautveterii,
or Quercus macranthera grow at
tree line ecotone in different
regions. There are also well-
1966, 1989;
fir (Abies